The present study is going to illustrate the necessity of exempting the DIVORCE from the private parties' agreement (control) and the important need of the assertion of legal mechanism to access to the specific legal norm in respect of this DIVORCE. It will be suggested with the purpose of the protection of family institution as a social and ethical entity. The present study is a descriptive analytical research. Accordingly the researcher will describe the characteristics of the legal institution of DIVORCE at first and then it will explain the different legal system's attitude to this respect. Afterward the prerequisites and the condition of the validity of this type of DIVORCEs in various times will be evaluated. Finally the ambiguity existed regarding to this issue in different legal system will be examined. A legal system in which the family as a social and ethical institution is protected by law will deal with the dissolution of this entity more sensitively and will prevent the inopportune DIVORCEs. Consequently this DIVORCE cannot be leaved to the mere agreement of the married couple. This approach will not regard the dissolution of the family as a revocation of private contractor rescission and it will enter in the public domain. The Iranian legal system seems to accept such an attitude. It has not regarded the mere agreements of married couple as a sufficient condition for the termination of marriage contract.Since a lot of inopportune DIVORCEs which have been precipitately and unreasonably occurred in the first years after the marriage will threat the family institution, the appropriate law should prevent the adventitious and unreasonable termination of the marriage. As mentioned above the Iranian legal system, in spite of some vagueness’s, has accepted this approach and has limited the autonomy of the married couple in rescission of the marriage contract.

Gender socialization, as one of the most basic types of socialization, affects a person's individual and social life, including the stability of his or her marital life. The aim of this study was to explain the relationship between gender socialization and DIVORCE between 178 DIVORCEd women and 222 women with emotional DIVORCE, which was conducted by survey method in Bandar Abbas. This study used biological and social theories to explain gender socialization and theories of structural functionalism and the love triangle to explain DIVORCE. In the present study, simple and stratified random sampling proportional to volume was used for women with emotional DIVORCE and chain sampling was used for DIVORCEd women. Questionnaire data were collected through interviews and face validity was confirmed through literature review and expert judgment, structural validity was confirmed by factor analysis and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that gender socialization of 29.4% of DIVORCEd women and 70.6% of women with emotional DIVORCE is traditional, and on the other hand 60.2% of DIVORCEd women and 39.8% of women with emotional DIVORCE, Had a modern gender socialization. According to the results of Chi-square test, there is a significant relationship between the type of gender socialization of women, gender values, gender inequality and power relations with the type of DIVORCE. Accordingly, women with emotional DIVORCE have a more traditional outlook than DIVORCEd women.

Background: DIVORCE is a social issue, which challenges not only the structure of family but also of a society. Studies have shown that infertility affects the marital boredom. In addition, resilience training and emphasizing on increasing piety (religiousness) can help to decrease this boredom. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the resilience training effects on the COMPROMISING of infertile couples’ applicant for DIVORCE. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 infertile couples who had requested for DIVORCE and referred to the Center for consolidation of the family foundation were enrolled. Participants were randomly divided in two categories (n= 50/each): the case group received some consultation classes on social services as well as resilience training by a consultant in 5 sessions lasting 2 hr. In total, 10 hr of treatment; while the control group just received the consultation and social services. Canner and Davidson questionnaires were utilized as pre-and posttest in both groups. Groups answered the resilience’ s criterion of Canner and Davidson. Results: The resilience training significantly increased the compromises made by couples in the case group compared to the control (p < 0. 01). The results showed that 26% of members of the case group relinquished DIVORCE, while 10% of control group members did the same; this difference was statistically significant (p < 0. 01). Conclusion: The resilience training leads to increased psychological well-being elements and compromises in infertile couples.

Background: Couples who are able to compromise again after applying for DIVORCE may have a fragile relationship; therefore, it is necessary to increase the stability and satisfaction of the relationship by identifying the influencing factors. Aim: the present qualitative study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the marital stability and satisfaction of couples who compromise after asking for DIVORCE. Method: The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. The population included all couples who compromised after asking for DIVORCE in Birjand City, and referred to Rah-e-No Counseling Center from 2017 to 2022. Based on the criteria already determined, 7 couples (14 people) were selected via purposive sampling and subjected to semi-structured interviews. It should be noted that the process of selecting samples continued up to theoretical saturation. The obtained data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method and MAXQDA software. Data coding was done using an open, axial, and selective method. Results: The analysis of participants’ experiences revealed 16 sub-themes and 5 main themes, including individual characteristics, interactive/communicative characteristics, family factors, socio-cultural factors and commitment to values. Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that a set of individual, interpersonal, and social factors influence the stability and satisfaction of couples who have compromised after applying for DIVORCE.

It is natural for couples to have disagreements because of personal differences, but this natural disagreement should not be so much as to shake the foundation of family. Thus, as Quran recommends us in chapter Nisa' [women], after the emergence of the symptoms of disagreement, a family peace court should be formed to solve the problem. In the Iranian law, this is called jurisdiction of DIVORCE to which the law maker should pay attention although there are deficiencies in the law. This paper deals with the foundations of jurisdiction, the development of law-making in jurisdiction, a study of the present law of jurisdiction, and an elaboration of legal impairments in the Iranian law. Then Iran is compared to Egypt, Iraq, and Syria in this respect. Finally, the paper suggests that the judiciary establish a sufficient number of branches for jurisdiction, along with family courts, composed of legal experts, family counselors, and psychologists to help courts to solve family disagreements.

In recent years, limitation of water resources and the increasing trend of population growth cause the quantity issues on water supply. On the other hand, permanent and sudden pollution of waters as a biological threat has always been of high importance, because occurrence of biological pollution in water systems produces national crisis. However, since there are various and contradictory goals and utilities in reservoir systems, making proper decisions considering all aspects is a complex issue. A good strategy to compromise between the contradictory goals and utilities would be conflict resolution methods. To perform this study the allocations of drinking and agricultural waters of the Karaj dam, as one of the most strategic dams in Iran in the case of quality attacks, has been used. In this study, Nash model has been used as the conflict resolution method. According to the results, when there is a decrease in the quality aspects of water, Nash model assigns the priority to the quantity ones and allocates low-quality water to the consumers. Thus, a new conflict resolution method has been developed so that the allocations are modified according to the quality aspects. Thus, low-quality water is less allocated while more allocation is made along with an increase in the quality utility.

The author categorizes DIVORCE to immediately implemented and suspended DIVORCE. He examines suspended DIVORCE in two kinds: simply suspended and suspended by a word of swear. One the one hand, he suggests five Shiite-supported reasons of invalidation for suspended DIVORCE, and on the other hand discusses three reasons to defend this kind of DIVORCE.In the next part of essay, swearing to DIVORCE the spouse is illustrated, and then refers to the proofs that agree and disagree with suspended DIVORCE. Finally, he reviews the proofs which examine the correctness of this kind of DIVORCE.

Background and Objective: The purpose of this research is the role of deficit irrigation in COMPROMISING environmental – economical goals of cropping pattern in Fars Province.Method: This technique is considered as a strategy to increase profitability. However, in addition to profitability goal, many studies have focused to optimize water and fertilizers consumption as environmental objectives. Current study investigates the rule of deficit irrigation in a model that compromises the economic and environmental objectives. Fasa city in Fars province were selected as the study area since placed in warm climate field and affected by water stress. A Fuzzy nonlinear programming model were used to compromise the goals of maximum gross margin and minimum chemical fertilizer and water consumption for a representative farm in study area. This model was subjected to yield response functions to water and other constraints.Findings: The results showed that the representative farm is inefficient to select cropping pattern in comparison to compromised goals model. This comparison also revealed there is a the possibility for increasing income of representative farm by applying full irrigation to gain potential yield and reducing cultivation area for considering the available water restrictions.Discussion and Conclusion: Although, increasing of gross margin is conflicted by decreasing water consumption and partly by reducing fertilizer use, but generalizing the results of representative farm to the whole city showed that implementation of this model will add the revenues about 94 billion Rials in total area. While the positive environmental outcomes such as reducing about 4.6 million cubic meters of water and 7,246 tons of chemical fertilizer would be the other results of implementing this model.